After an operating system is generated, it must be made available for use by the hardware. But how does the hardware know where the kernel is or how to load that kernel ? The procedure of starting a computer by loading the kernel is known as booting the system. On most computer systems, a small … Read more
Debugging is the activity of finding and fixing errors in a system, both in hardware and in software. Performance problems are considered bugs, so debugging can also include performance tuning, which seeks to improve performance by removing processing bottlenecks Failure Analysis If a process fails, most operating systems write the error information to a log … Read more
A system as large and complex as a modern operating system must be engineered carefully if it is to function properly and be modified easily. A common approach is to partition the task into small components, or modules, rather than have one monolithic system. Each of these modules should be a well-defined portion of the … Read more
There are, of course, no complete solutions of Operating-System Design and Implementation, but there are approaches that have proved successful Design Goals The first problem in designing a system is to define goals and specifications. At the highest level, the design of the system will be affected by the choice of hardware and the type … Read more
System Programs can be divided into these categories: File management. These programs create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, list, and generally manipulate files and directories Status information. Some programs simply ask the system for the date, time, amount of available memory or disk space, number of users, or similar status information. Others are more complex, … Read more
System calls provide an interface to the services made available by an operating system. These calls are generally available as routines written in C and C++, although certain low-level tasks (for example, tasks where hardware must be accessed directly) may have to be written using assembly-language instructions Types of System Calls System calls can be … Read more
One provides a command-line interface, or command interpreter, that allows users to directly enter commands to be performed by the operating system. The other allows users to interface with the operating system via a graphical user interface, or GUI. Command Interpreters Some operating systems include the command interpreter in the kernel. Others, such as Windows … Read more
An operating system provides an environment for the execution of programs. It provides certain services to programs and to the users of those programs. The specific services provided, of course, differ from one operating system to another, but we can identify common classes. These operating system services are provided for the convenience of the programmer, … Read more
List of all operating systems are used in a variety of computing environments Traditional Computing In the latter half of the 20th century, computing resources were relatively scarce. (Before that, they were nonexistent!) For a period of time, systems were either batch or interactive. Batch systems processed jobs in bulk, with predetermined input from files … Read more
There are following data structure in operating system is used Lists, Stacks, and Queues An array is a simple data structure in which each element can be accessed directly. For example, main memory is constructed as an array. If the data item being stored is larger than one byte, then multiple bytes can be allocated … Read more