Trigonometric Functions in math

Consider a unit circle with centre at origin of the coordinate axes. Let P (a, b) be any point on the circle with angle AOP = x radian, i.e., length of arc AP = x

We define cos x = a and sin x = b Since ∆OMP is a right triangle, we have OM² + MP² = OP2 or a² + b² = 1 Thus, for every point on the unit circle, we have a² + b² = 1 or cos² x + sin² x = 1 Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2π radian at the centre of the circle, ∠AOB = π / 2

∠AOC = π and ∠AOD = 3π 2 . All angles which are integral multiples of π / 2 are called quadrantal angles. The coordinates of the points A, B, C and D are, respectively, (1, 0), (0, 1), (–1, 0) and (0, –1). Therefore, for quadrantal angles, we have

cos 0° = 1 sin 0° = 0,
cosπ / 2 = 0 sinπ / 2 = 1
cosπ = − 1 sinπ = 0
cos3π/ 2 = 0 sin3π / 2 = –1
cos 2π = 1 sin 2π = 0

Now, if we take one complete revolution from the point P, we again come back to same point P. Thus, we also observe that if x increases (or decreases) by any integral multiple of 2π, the values of sine and cosine functions do not change. Thus

sin (2nπ + x) = sin x, n ∈ Z , cos (2nπ + x) = cos x , n ∈ Z

Further, sin x = 0, if x = 0, ± π, ± 2π , ± 3π, …, i.e., when x is an integral multiple of π and cos x = 0, if x = ± π / 2 , ± 3π/ 2 , ± 5π /2 , … i.e., cos x vanishes when x is an odd multiple of π/ 2 . Thus

sin x = 0 implies x = nπ, where n is any integer

cos x = 0 implies x = (2n + 1) π / 2 , where n is any integer.

other trigonometric functions

cosec x = 1/ sin x , x ≠ nπ, where n is any integer

sec x = 1 /cos x , x ≠ (2n + 1) π /2 , where n is any integer

tan x = sinx /cos x , x ≠ (2n +1) π /2 , where n is any integer.

cot x = cosx / sinx , x ≠ n π, where n is any integer

We have shown that for all real x, sin² x + cos² x = 1

1 + tan² x = sec² x

1 + cot² x = cosec² x

Table of values of trigonometric ratios for 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°